How to Use This Guide
This guide is best used as a quick reference for commands. If you need more information on the command, refer to the on-line manual.
Logging On and Logging Off
NAME
exit - close terminal session
SYNOPSIS
exit
DESCRIPTION
It is important to log off when you finish your work so that other people can use the terminal an also so that nobody else can misuse your account. To close a terminal session simply type exit on the command line. It not necessarily terminates all of your running jobs. To finish your work session you must click on the exit bottom of the LogOff window. It safely terminates all of your running jobs and resets the x-terminal.
NAME
passwd - change login password and password attributes
SYNOPSIS
passwd [ name ]
DESCRIPTION
The passwd command changes the password or lists password attributes associated with the user's login name.
NAME
tn - telnet terminal emulation for PC
SYNOPSIS
tn hostname
DESCRIPTION
tn is a vt220 terminal emulation for PC running PCTCP network software.
NAME
xt - local telnet session terminal emulator for X-terminal
SYNOPSIS
xt [hostname]
DESCRIPTION
xt opens a new local telnet session on the x-terminal. It provides VT220 compatible terminal emulation. If hostname is not specified then the host with least cpu load is taken from the cluster {alfa, beta, gamma, delta}.
Getting On-Line Help
NAME
man - display reference manual pages
SYNOPSIS
man title
DESCRIPTION
The man command displays information from the reference manuals. It can display complete manual pages that you select by title.
NAME
xman - Manual page display program for the X Window System
SYNOPSIS
xman [-options ...]
DESCRIPTION
Xman is a manual page browser. The default size of the initial xman window is small so that you can leave it running throughout your entire login session. In the initial window there are three options: Help will pop up a window with on-line help, Quit will exit, and Manual Page will pop up a window with a manual page browser in it. Typing Control-S will pop up a window prompting for a specific manual page to display. You may display more than one manual page browser window at a time from a single execution of xman.
Manipulating Files and Directories
NAME
cat - concatenate and print files
SYNOPSIS
cat file...
DESCRIPTION
cat reads each file in sequence and writes it on the standard output.
NAME
cd - change working directory
SYNOPSIS
cd [ directory ]
DESCRIPTION
directory becomes the new working directory.
NAME
chmod - change file mode
SYNOPSIS
chmod [ugoa ]{+ |- |=}[ rwx ] file ...
DESCRIPTION
Options:
Who:Op-codes:Permission:
u user's permissions+ Add permissionsr read
g group's permissions- Take away permissionsw write
o other's permissions= Assign permissions absolutelyx execute
a all permissions
There is a shorthand way of setting permissions by using three digit octal numbers, one digit for user, group and other respectively in this order. Read permission is geven the value 4, write permission the value 2 and execute permission 1. The values are added together for any one user category.
u user's permissions+ Add permissionsr read
g group's permissions- Take away permissionsw write
o other's permissions= Assign permissions absolutelyx execute
a all permissions
There is a shorthand way of setting permissions by using three digit octal numbers, one digit for user, group and other respectively in this order. Read permission is geven the value 4, write permission the value 2 and execute permission 1. The values are added together for any one user category.
NAME
cp - copy files
SYNOPSIS
cp [-i] [-p] f1 f2
cp [-i] [-p] f1 ... fn d1
cp [-i] [-p] [-r] d1 d2
DESCRIPTION
The cp command copies files to target.
Options:
-i prompt for confirmation.
-r copy the directory and all its files.
-p preserves the modification time and permission modes.
NAME
find - find files
SYNOPSIS
find pathname searchcriteria action(s)
DESCRIPTION
Search Criteria:
- name patternFiles match pattern.
-size n Files of size n blocks.
-atime nFiles accessed n days ago.
-mtime nFiles modified n days ago.
Actions:
-printPrint the pathname of the found files.
-exec command Execute the given command upon finding a file; { } represents the found file.
NAME
grep - search a file for a pattern
SYNOPSIS
grep [options] pattern [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
Options:
-c Print only a count of matching lines.
-i Ignore upper/lower case distinction.
-n Precede each line by its line number.
-v Print all lines except those that contain the pattern.
NAME
head - display first few lines of files
SYNOPSIS
head [-n] file
DESCRIPTION
head copies the first n lines of file to the standard output.
NAME
ls - list contents of directory
SYNOPSIS
ls [options] [file . . . ]
DESCRIPTION
For each directory argument, ls lists the contents of the directory; for each file argument, ls repeats its name and any other information requested.
Options:
-R Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
-a List all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.), which are normally not listed.
-l List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, group, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file.
NAME
mkdir - make directories
SYNOPSIS
mkdir dirname ...
DESCRIPTION
mkdir creates the named directories in mode 777 (possibly altered by umask(1)).
NAME
more - view text file one screenful at a time
SYNOPSIS
more [options] file ...
DESCRIPTION
more scrolls up to display one more line in response to a RETURN character; it displays another screenful in response to a SPACE character. See on-line manual for many options.
NAME
mv - move files
SYNOPSIS
mv [-i] f1 f2
mv [-i] f1 ... fn d1
mv [-i] d1 d2
DESCRIPTION
The mv command moves filen to target.
Option:
-i mv will prompt for confirmation on existing target.
NAME
pwd - working directory name
SYNOPSIS
pwd
DESCRIPTION
pwd prints the path name of the working (current) directory.
NAME
rm, rmdir - remove files or directories
SYNOPSIS
rm [-i] file ...
rm -r dirname ... [file ...]
rmdir dirname ...
DESCRIPTION
rm removes the entries of files from a directory.
Options:
-i With this option, confirmation of removal of any write-protected file occurs interactively.
-r This option causes the recursive removal of any directories and subdirectories in the argument list.
NAME
tail - deliver the last part of a file
SYNOPSIS
tail [{-|+}number] [ file ]
DESCRIPTION
tail copies the named file to the standard output beginning at a designated place. Copying begins at distance +number from the beginning, or -number from the end of the input.
NAME
wc - word count
SYNOPSIS
wc [-lwc] [names]
DESCRIPTION
wc counts lines, words, and characters in the named files.
Redirection and Pipeline
OPERATOR
< - redirecting standard input from file
SYNOPSIS
command < file
DESCRIPTION
Standard input is taken from the specified file.
OPERATOR
> - redirecting standard output to the specified file.
SYNOPSIS
command > file
DESCRIPTION
Standard output is written to the specified file.
OPERATOR
> > - redirecting standard output to file
SYNOPSIS
command > > file
DESCRIPTION
Standard output is appended to the end of the specified file.
OPERATOR
| - pipeline of commands
SYNOPSIS
command1 | command2
DESCRIPTION
Standard output of the command1 is used as the standard input of command2.
Text Processing
NAME
emacs - GNU project Emacs
SYNOPSIS
emacs [ command-line switches ] [ files ... ]
DESCRIPTION
GNU Emacs is a new version of Emacs, written by the author of the original (PDP-10) Emacs, Richard Stallman. Its user functionality encompasses everything other Emacs editors do, and it is easily extensible since its editing commands are written in Lisp.
NAME
xedit - simple text editor for X
SYNTAX
xedit [ -toolkitoption ... ] [ filename ]
DESCRIPTION
Xedit provides a window consisting of the four areas:
Commands Section
set of commands that allow you to exit xedit, save the file, or load a new file into the edit window.
Message Window
Displays xedit messages. In addition, this window can be used as a scratch pad.
Filename Display
Displays the name of the file currently being edited, and whether this file is Read-Write or Read Only.
Edit Window
Displays the text of the file that you are editing or creating.
The following keystroke combinations are defined:
Ctrl-a Beginning Of LineMeta-b Backward Word
Ctrl-b Backward CharacterMeta-f Forward Word
Ctrl-d Delete Next CharacterMeta-iInsert File
Ctrl-e End Of LineMeta-k Kill To End Of Paragraph
Ctrl-f Forward CharacterMeta-q Form Paragraph
Ctrl-g Multiply Reset Meta-vPrevious Page
Ctrl-h Delete Previous Character Meta-yInsert Current Selection
Ctrl-j Newline And Indent Meta-z Scroll One Line Down
Ctrl-k Kill To End Of Line Meta-d Delete Next Word
Ctrl-l Redraw Display Meta-DKill Word
Ctrl-m Newline Meta-h Delete Previous Word
Ctrl-n Next Line Meta-H Backward Kill Word
Ctrl-o Newline And Backup Meta-< Beginning Of File
Ctrl-p Previous Line Meta-> End Of File
Ctrl-r Search/Replace Backward Meta-]Forward Paragraph
Ctrl-s Search/Replace Forward Meta-[Backward Paragraph
Ctrl-t Transpose Characters
Ctrl-u Multiply by 4 Meta-Delete Delete Previous Word
Ctrl-v Next Page Meta-Shift DeleteKill Previous Word
Ctrl-w Kill Selection Meta-Backspace Delete Previous Word
Ctrl-y Unkill Meta-Shift BackspaceKill Previous Word
Ctrl-z Scroll One Line Up
In addition, the pointer may be used to cut and paste text:
Button 1 Down Start Selection
Button 1 Motion Adjust Selection
Button 1 Up End Selection (cut)
Button 2 Down Insert Current Selection (paste)
Button 3 Down Extend Current Selection
Button 3 Motion Adjust Selection
Button 3 Up End Selection (cut)
NAME
vi - screen-oriented (visual) display editor
SYNOPSIS
vi file...
DESCRIPTION
vi (visual) is a display-oriented text editor based on an underlying line editor ex. It is possible to use the command mode of ex from within vi and vice-versa. The visual commands are described on vi manual page.
Printing
NAME
lp - send requests to an LP print service
SYNOPSIS
lp [-d destination] files
DESCRIPTION
If destination is not specified then the print request is sent to the default printer fuji (Fujitsu line printer).
Communication
NAME
finger - display information about local and remote users
SYNOPSIS
finger [username]
finger [username]][@hostname
DESCRIPTION
By default, the finger command displays information about each , logged-in user, including login name, full name, terminal name,idle time, login time, and location if known.
NAME
mail - read mail or send mail to users
SYNOPSIS
Sending mail:
mail recipient ...
Reading mail:
Forwarding mail:
mail -F recipient ...
DESCRIPTION
A recipient is usually a user name recognized by login(1). When recipients are named, mail assumes a message is being sent. It reads from the standard input up to an end-of-file (CTRL-d) or, if reading from a terminal device, until it reads a line consisting of just a period.
NAME
mailx - interactive message processing system
SYNOPSIS
Sending mail:
mailx recipient ...
Reading mail:
mailx
DESCRIPTION
The command mailx provides a comfortable, flexible environment for sending and receiving messages electronically. When reading mail, mailx provides commands to facilitate saving, deleting, and responding to messages. When sending mail, mailx allows editing, reviewing and other modification of the message as it is entered. See the man page for the commands.
NAME
talk - talk to another user
SYNOPSIS
talk username[@hostname]
DESCRIPTION
talk is a visual communication program that copies lines from your terminal to that of a user on the same or on another host. username is that user's login name. To exit, just type your interrupt character (<Delete>).
NAME
xtalk - talk to another user
SYNOPSIS
xtalk [username[@hostname]]
DESCRIPTION
Xtalk is a X11 implementation of 4.3 BSD talk. If you don't specify any arguments, a dialogue box will appear where you can enter the person parameters.
NAME
xmessage - display a message or query in a window (X-based /bin/echo)
SYNOPSIS
xmessage -display xtermname:0
xmessage -display xtermname:0 -file filename
DESCRIPTION
Xmessage displays a window containing a message from the command line, a file, or standard input.
NAME
xmh - send and read mail with an X interface
SYNOPSIS
xmh
DESCRIPTION
The xmh program provides a graphical user interface to the MH Message Handling System. Electronic mail messages may be composed, sent, received, replied to, forwarded, sorted, and stored in folders.
NAME
who - give information about current logged on local users
SYNOPSIS
who
Process Handling
NAME
jobs - list stopped and background jobs
SYNOPSIS
jobs [-l]
DESCRIPTION
jobs -l give long listing that includes process identification number (PID).
NAME
kill - terminate jobs
SYNOPSIS
kill [-signal] pid
DESCRIPTION
kill sends a signal to the specified processes. The value of signal may be numeric or symbolic [see signal(5)]. Without signal kill terminates the specified job.
NAME
nice - run a command at low priority
SYNOPSIS
nice command
DESCRIPTION
nice executes command with a lower CPU scheduling priority.
NAME
ps - report process status
SYNOPSIS
ps [-aefl]
DESCRIPTION
ps prints information about active processes. Without options, ps prints information about processes associated with the controlling terminal. The output contains only the process ID, terminal identifier, cumulative execution time, and the command name. Otherwise, the information displayed is controlled by the options.
Options:
-e Prints information about every process now executing.
-a Prints information about all processes most frequently requested.
-f Generates a full listing.
-l Generates a long listing.
Information Systems
NAME
gopher - connect to gopher document server
SYNOPSIS
gopher [hostname [port]]
DESCRIPTION
The gopher client is used to talk to gopher servers.The Internet Gopher is a distributed document delivery service. It allows a neophyte user to access various types of data residing on multiple hosts in a seamless fashion. This is accomplished by presenting the user a hierarchical arrangement of documents and by using a client-server communications model. The Internet Gopher Server accepts simple queries, and responds by sending the client a document.
NAME
info - GNU's hypertext system
SYNOPSIS
info [menu-item...]
DESCRIPTION
The GNU project has a hypertext system called Info which allows the same source file to be either printed as a paper manual, or viewed using info.
Examples: info gcc
NAME
Mosaic - a Motif based World Wide Web browser.
SYNOPSIS
M&
DESCRIPTION
NCSA Mosaic is a networked information discovery, retrieval, and collaboration tool and World Wide Web browser developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications. In other words, Mosaic is an interface to the Internet.
Think before click!!!
NAME
xarchie - X11 browser interface to archie
SYNOPSIS
xarchie [-host host]
DESCRIPTION
Xarchie is an X11 browser interface to the Archie Internet information system using the Prospero virtual filesystem protocol. Archie provides information about files available for ftp anywhere on the Internet; Xarchie displays this information using an easy-to-use, point-and-click interface. Xarchie allows you to further explore ftp sites by xamining directories returned as query matches, and allows you to retrieve files located this way.
NAME
xgopher - gopher client for the X window system
SYNOPSIS
xgopher [server [port]
DESCRIPTION
xgopher is an X window system client interface to the gopher information server.
NAME
xrn - an X-based interface to the USENET news system that uses the NNTP remote news server
SYNOPSIS
xrn
DESCRIPTION
xrn is an X-based interface to the USENET news system that uses the NNTP remote news protocol for accessing newsgroups and articles on an NNTP server, thus allowing users to read news from personal workstations by accessing a central news repository.
Compilation of C and C++ programs
NAME
cc - configurable C compiler
SYNOPSIS
cc [ options] file ...
DESCRIPTION
cc is the interface to a choice of C compilation systems. There are two supported compilation systems available: GNU C and USL's CI5. Regardless of which underlying compilation system is used, the command line syntax will always be the USL CI5 syntax described in this manual page. cc will use GNU C by default, or you may actively choose which compilation system to execute by setting the environment variable CCCOMPILER to either gnu or ci5. Compilation systems other than CI5 or GNU C can also be used with the configurable cc command.
Components
The compilation tools conceptually consist of a preprocessor, compiler, optimizer, basic block analyzer, assembler, and link editor. cc processes the supplied options and then executes the various tools with the proper arguments. cc accepts several types of files as arguments. Suffixes of source file names indicate the language and kind of processing to be done:
.cC source; preprocess, compile, assemble
.ipreprocessed C; compile, assemble
.sAssembler source; assemble
.hC header (preprocessor ) file; not usually named on command line
.oObject file
.aArchive file
a.outlink-edited output file
Options
-I dir Alter the search for included files whose names do not begin with / to look in dir prior to the usual directories.
-L dir Add dir to the list of directories searched for libraries by ld This option and its argument are passed to ld.
-l name Search the library libname.so or libname.a Its placement on the command line is significant as a library is searched at a point in time relative to the placement of other libraries and object files on the command line.
-O Arrange for compilation phase optimization. This option has no effect on .s files.
-o pathname Produce an output object file pathname, instead of the default a.out.
Directories
LIBDIR is usr/ccs/lib
INCDIR is usr/include
BINDIR is usr/ccs/bin
NAME
gcc, g++ - GNU project C and C++ Compiler
c++ is same as g++
SYNOPSIS
gcc [option | filename ]...
g++ [option | filename ]...
DESCRIPTION
The C and C++ compilers are integrated. Both process input files through one or more of four stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Source filename suffixes identify the source language, but which name you use for the compiler governs default assumptions:
gcc assumes preprocessed (.i) files are C and assumes C style linking.
g++ assumes preprocessed (.i) files are C++ and assumes C++ style linking.
Suffixes of source file names indicate the language and kind of processing to be done:
.c C source; preprocess, compile, assemble
.C C++ source; preprocess, compile, assemble
.cc C++ source; preprocess, compile, assemble
.i preprocessed C; compile, assemble
.ii preprocessed C++; compile, assemble
.s Assembler source; assemble
.S Assembler source; preprocess, assemble
.h Preprocessor file; not usually named on command line
.o Object file
.a Archive file
Options
options for cc and many more, see the man gages for gcc.
Directories
LIBDIR is /usr/ccs /lib/
LIBDIR/libgcc.a GCC subroutine library
/lib/libc.astandard C library
/usr/includestandard directory for #include files
LIBDIR/includestandard gcc directory for #include files
LIBDIR/g++-include additional g++ directory for #include
Useful tools
NAME
audemo - NCDAudio record and play demo
SYNOPSIS
audemo [-audio servername][directory]
DESCRIPTION
audemo provides an X-based window-oriented user interface to the NCDaudio service. It allows the user to play prerecorded sound files, record new sound files and to manipulate NCDaudio buckets.
PLAYING A SOUND FILE
audemo can play sound files in any of the following file formats:
NeXT/Sun : Filenames in this format typically have a .snd or .au suffix.
RIFF WAVE: This is format used by Microsoft Windows 3.1. Filenames in this format typically have a.wav suffix.
Creative Voice: This format is produced by PCs using the Creative Labs Soundblaster card. filenames in this format typically have a .voc suffix.
To play a sound file you must first select it from the list of files in the file window. You can control which files are listed in this window by editing the directory and/or Template fields and clicking on the Rescan button. To select a file, single-click on the filename. This will highlight the filename and display information about the file in the information window. Once the file has been selected, you can start it playing by clicking on the Play command button. A shortcut for playing a file is to doubleclick on the file name. This will select the file and start it playing. When a file is playing, the Play command button is highlighted. To stop the playing of a file, click on the highlighted Play button. To enable the left and right level meters, click on the Meter button before starting to play the file. To disable the left and right level meters, click again on the highlighted Meter button. To adjust the volume level, use the volume slider.
NAME
ghostview - View PostScript documents using ghostscript
SYNOPSIS
ghostview [filename]
DESCRIPTION
The ghostview program provides an X11 user interface for the ghostscript interpreter. Ghostview and ghostscript function as two cooperating programs. Ghostview creates the viewing window and ghostscript draws in it.
NAME
gs - Ghostscript interpreter/previewer
SYNOPSIS
gs [ file ] ...
DESCRIPTION
Ghostscript is a programming language similar to Adobe Systems' PostScript language, which is in turn similar to Forth. Gs reads files in sequence and executes them as Ghostscript programs. After doing this, it reads further input from the standard input stream (normally the keyboard). Each line is interpreted separately. To exit from the interpreter, enter the `quit' command. The interpreter also exits gracefully if it encounters end-of-file.
NAME
mpeg_play - plays mpeg-1 encoded bitstreams using X11
SYNOPSIS
mpeg_play [ -display display_name ] file_name
DESCRIPTION
mpeg_play decodes and displays mpeg-1 encoded bitstreams on systems running X11. The player will create a new window, display the bitstream, and exit.
NAME
opsi - OpenSide interactive graphical user interface generator
SYNOPSIS
opsi
DESCRIPTION
OpenSide is an interactive graphical user interface generator based on Motif and Wiz language. It can interpret wiz language programs.
NAME
xdtm - graphical shell for X
SYNOPSIS
xdtm
DESCRIPTION
The X Desktop Manager is a graphical shell for the X Window System. It provides facilities to list directories graphically, view files, copy, move, and delete files, and to launch programs.
NAME
xdvi - DVI previewer for the X Window System
SYNOPSIS
xdvi dvi_file
DESCRIPTION
Xdvi is a program which runs under the X window system. It is used to preview DVI files, such as are produced by TeX.
NAME
xmaple - Interactive computer algebra system for X
SYNOPSIS
xmaple
DESCRIPTION
Initiate a session with the Maple Computer Algebra System. Expressions are read from standard input and the results reproduced on the standard output as each input expression is read. Maple has the ability to algebraically manipulate unbounded integers, exact rational numbers, real numbers with arbitrary precision, symbolic formulae, polynomials, sets, lists, and equations. It can solve systems of equations and differentiate and integrate formulae. maple can display 3D graphics.
NAME
xv - interactive image display for the X Window System
SYNOPSIS
xv [filename [filename...]]
DESCRIPTION
xv is an X11 program that displays images in the GIF, JPEG, TIFF, PBM, PGM, PPM, X11 bitmap, Utah Raster toolkit RLE, PDS/VICAR, Sun Rasterfile, BMP, PCX, IRIS RGB, possibly PostScript, and PM formats on workstations and terminals running the X Window System, Version 11.